Strategic interactions of players in Oligopoly Markets

Key associations of players in Oligopoly Markets The vital cooperation between players in the oligopoly showcases gives its investigation a color of dynamism. This reliance nature of oligopolies realizes the idea of approximate conduct, a circumstance whereby the activities and choices of firms in the business sectors relies upon the activities and choices of the others. This achieves a significant number of the hypothetical issues in displaying oligopolistic conduct (Waterson 1984, pg 17). An augmentation of such issue is borne on the eagerness of firms to pick up advertise power, and most cases; it is done through coordination into lines of business that are connected. Writing changes concerning the hypothetical part of coordinating related firms with irrelevant ones, as there has been blended outcomes in the region of benefit. Rumelt discovered that organizations that are not vertically coordinated are increasingly gainful (Rumelt 1976). Though, the circumstance was diverse with Luffman and Reed, who contended that vertically in corporated firms are progressively beneficial (Luffman and Reed 1984). Strategy activities is said to cause a misfortune in social government assistance instead of the activities of the organizations themselves, and that incorporation is utilized deliberately to accomplish anticompetitive impacts (Cowling and Mueller 1978). This investigation surveys the estimation of restraining infrastructure benefit in a conniving oligopolistic showcase and furthermore manages the estimation of government assistance misfortune in the dispersion part of the British film industry. It will likewise manage whether vertical mix contributes unfavorably to purchasers government assistance or not. The examination is done utilizing the gross benefit, general selling regulatory costs and after duty benefits of the wholesalers in the British film industry for as long as 20 years, going from 1990 2009. As is in the treatment of oligopolies, there are various methods of estimating the game hypothesis. It is either the utilization of Bertrand harmony (which centers around the control of cost to pick up advertise power) is utilized, or the Cournot model (which discusses the modification of amount) is utilized. In different cases, there is the utilization of middle of the road models which manages the blend of cost and amount change in accordance with accomplish serious edge over different players in the business. In this examination, Cowling and Muellers (1978) model will be utilized. Their strategy depends on the Cournot-Nash harmony model. The wholesalers engaged with this investigation will be separated into two classes just like the modern structure. There will be a set that is associated with mix of the creation and additionally show viewpoint into the matter of appropriation, while the other set is essentially the free merchants, that is, those included uniquely in the matter of dispersion without plan of action to other part of the business. The following area will manage a conversation into the business. This will include the historical backdrop of the business, the fundamental structure, size of the business, how thought the business is and an investigate the ongoing improvement in the business. An unmistakable insights into the dissemination part of the business will likewise be talked about. Part 3 (for example writing survey) will manage the methodologies utilized in the examination of the conduct of oligopolies that intrigue in other to pick up restraining infrastructure benefits. The area will begin with a short audit of the oligopoly hypotheses as it influences the business. The principle model in this work, the Cournot-Nash model, will be investigated before the conversation of the entanglements in crafted by Cowling and Mueller (1978). The suspicion that government assistance misfortune is upgraded through vertically coordination will at that point be surveyed. The technique section (for example section 4) will be founded on how the examination is to be completed. There will be the depiction of information, the techniques utilized and the issues experienced during the examination. Part 5 will be founded on the discoveries of the work. It will include the introduction and conversation in the discoveries. The last area, part 6, will be an end on the work and strategy suggestion, assuming any. Section 2 The Industry The British film industry, more than quite a while, can be named undulating, with its high and low pinnacles. The business is portrayed by unpredictability and persevering flimsiness, and because of such irregularities, has pulled in government mediation. There are calamitous cycles throughout the entire existence of British film. Changes in film participation and the level of American predominance in the business were central point that impacted the business. In spite of these cycles, the business is supposed to be the second biggest on the planet, close to that of US. This segment would take a gander at the historical backdrop of the business, the mechanical structure (for example the key unmistakable however related divisions in the business; creation, appropriation and display), size and focus. This would include concentrating on the relevant issues that have added to the advancement of the business throughout the years. After this, a conversation into late advancements of the bu siness would be finished. History The rise of the film business can be credited to the arrangement of developments experienced in the nineteenth century in the US, France and UK. Not long after the UK predominance in the American market (representing about 15% portion of the market), there was a ghetto in their strength because of Americas costly and intensely showcased creations, which came about into the loss of indigenous followership to under 10% (Bakker 2005). Regardless of this, the home crowd expanded provoking the administration to present the Entertainment Tax in 1916. This depends on the premises that the business is a dormant beast, subsequently including different types of amusement, similar to music lobby and theater in the expense. In any case, the expense was annulled in 1960 (Murphy 2004). The strength of the American film showcase was extraordinary during the 1920s that the legislature needed to mediate by the foundation of the Cinematograph Films Act in 1927. The demonstration was to empower the creation of movies indigenously and furthermore set the standards for the dissemination and display of movies in the home business. It was accepted that the business could help animate the fares of different merchandise and ventures in the British economy, and that it would help swim off American predominance in the business. This demonstration recorded critical achievement, as more creation organizations jumped up, among which are Warners, Fox and British International Pictures. The creation of movies in the UK served subsequently. Be that as it may, the analysis looked by the demonstration has to do with the creation of low quality movies and minimal effort of the movies, so as to meet the amount prerequisite set out by the Act. In 1936, the demonstration was explored and i t assigned portions to both the conveyance and show division of the business. Likewise, quality test was additionally remembered for the demonstration. This was to empower intensity in the global market for the business. Money related foundations were likewise urged to take an interest in the business through the arrangement monetary help to firms in the business. Toward the finish of World War II, the business encountered a blast, which saw film participation take off. Of commendable notice is the presence of the Rank Organization, a vertically coordinated firm, engaged with the creation, appropriation and presentation of movies in the business. The firm overwhelmed the business during the 1940s, and was the biggest film merchant at that point (UK Film Council Research and Statistics Unit 2009). The British government upgraded their job in the organization of the business when it was understood the American film industry is assuming control over the home market, through the foundation of the National Film Finance Corporation (NFFC) and the Eady Levy in 1950. The Eady demand was a law authorizing the furrowing back of a level of the film benefits once more into the improvement of the business (UK Film Council, 2009). In the mid 1980s when Margaret Thatcher came into power, there was an endeavor to make a free market in all enterprises, with the utilization of a deregulation strategy. This was taking into account separating syndications, along these lines, improving seriousness in the economy. Notwithstanding, there was analysis that there would be an inclination revenue driven boost of firms as opposed to the government assistance of individuals (BFI Institute 2005, pg 1). In accordance with this deregulation strategy, the Eady Levy was nullified in 1985 and the 25% tax cut for film speculators was evacuated. The withdrawal of government support in these zones made engaging in the film business progressively hazardous. At that point, the main expectation from the state was additionally privatized in this way reducing money related help. The Rank Organization fizzled right now. In spite of this, the business despite everything saw extraordinary development. In the expressions of Leonard Quart, in his work The religion of the market refered to in Friedman (1993), in spite of the Thatcher governments reluctance to help the film business, it established a general state of mind that empowered monetary hazard taking and experimentation with new and progressively imaginative strategic policies (Friedman 1993, pg 25). Gun Group turned into the predominant player in the business and was included in the financing of movies, but at the same time was occupied with the creation, dispersion and show. Be that as it may, due to over development, the gathering got bankrupt. Structure, Size and Concentration The business is described fundamentally by exercises in three regions, which incorporate the creation, the circulation and the show of movies. These exercises are interesting yet are connected in that the movies delivered are given to merchants, who market to the exhibitors that demonstrate it to the last crowd. In this way from the procedure of creation till the last stage where the movies are screened, there is wholesalers who fill in as center men, who understands the capability of the film. Creation The business is creation driven. By creation

The Night of the Scorpion Essay Example

The Night of the Scorpion Essay How does the author of this sonnet use language to make impressions and differentiations? How viable do you think this has been in helping him to pass on a distinctive image of the occasion? Do you feel the distinctions in time and culture between the writer and yourself limit your energy about the thoughts and emotions it passes on? In this paper, I will address how Nissim Ezekiel effectively utilizes language to make impressions and differentiations. Furthermore, I will give you how he adequately passed on the distinctive occasion of how his mom was stung by a scorpion. At long last, I will examine how time and culture helped me to value the sonnet. The worker came like multitudes of flies.. The writers correlation of the workers to creepy crawlies makes me grimace. At first I felt rankled that the townspeople who hummed the Name of God a hundred times were dealt with so scornfully. After all they were just demonstrating worry for the person in question. Anyway upon closer assessme nt, I understand that they were to a greater extent a prevention to the recuperation of the writers mother. They made a boisterous disturbance with their candles and lamps as they looked futile for the scorpion. Simply envision several disturbing clicking tongues when all she truly required was some harmony and calm to recover.Furthermore, flies are related with death and rot. The impression the writer gives is that the individuals are irksome and maddening. By utilizing this analogy, adequately helped me see the occasion through his words. There is a strict meaning to the entire occasion. Typically when there is a mix of the Name of God and Mother, promptly there is a strict association with Mother Mary, a Roman Catholic blessed symbol. He is contrasting his Mother with somebody blessed, somebody deserving of love. It is apparent that he cherishes his mom without a doubt. At the point when the Name of God is compared with the Evil One, at that point a fight among Good and Evil cann

Columbians Recount, Respond to Haiti Quake COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Columbians Recount, Respond to Haiti Quake COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Last week I noted that some SIPA students were in Haiti as part of their professional development work when the earthquake occurred.   The Record, a Columbia University publication, recently ran an article about the SIPA students and others from around the University that were in Haiti at the time.   A portion of the article is below and to view the whole article please visit the web site of The Record. Shortly before 5:00 p.m. on Jan. 12, Elisabeth Lindenmayer, director of the United Nations program at the Columbia School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), was in Port-au-Prince with six of her students, exiting a van outside the United Nations Development Programme building. A longtime U.N. peacekeeper and former assistant secretary general and deputy chief of staff to Kofi Annan, she and her students were in Haiti for a week-long trip. They were conducting research on the role of the private sector in social and economic development and its link to state-building. After close to a week of interviews, they were scheduled to leave the next morning. As they stepped onto the street, the earth shuddered. The building they were about to enter started to crack, and a deafening roar filled the air. “Get out,” Lindenmayer yelled. Some students threw themselves on the ground; others stayed in the van. Although members of the Columbia community lost family and friends, the Columbians who were in Haiti were extraordinarily lucky. Remarkably, no one was injured, and a total of 10 students, faculty and staff members were able to be evacuated out of the country with support from a team working from Morningside Heights.

Film Review Human Trafficking - 1508 Words

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Quality Management Worldwide Total Quality Management in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4323 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Quality management worldwide Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh Introduction For more than four decades after independence the companies in India enjoyed a protected market with virtually no competition, and some of them even monopolised the market, with customers having little or no choice. As a result complacency set in, and no pressure existed for improvement or change. However, the policy of globalization and liberalization adopted by the Indian Government five years ago, has thrown open new avenues and challenges to companies in India. The new policy has resulted in open doors through which global corporate players have entered the Indian markets, and are threatening the domestic manufacturers and suppliers, using quality as a weapon. This has compelled the managers of local companies to look for those tools and techniques, proven and tested, which would help them to maintain and improve their strategies and positions in the market. One such policy or philosophy that has captured the attention of industry and the business community is TQM. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Quality Management Worldwide Total Quality Management in India" essay for you Create order Particularly, in the recent years TQM is even regarded as absolutely essential for growth, stability, and prosperity. This paper has the main intention of presenting an overview of TQMs progress in the country, starting from its initiation to its current status. Besides, the paper also describes how the organizational attempts by various agencies enabled the establishment of a TQM culture. Further, these attempts are presented in a chronological order, to appreciate the role played by various agencies, which resulted in growth and propagation of TQM in India. Towards the end, the gaps that still exist and hence the efforts that need to be channeled are pointed out, so as to result in appropriate guidelines about the work to be done. The author R. Jagadeesh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore, India. Keywords TQM, India, Quality Abstract Total quality management (TQM) has spread its wings in every sphere of the global corporate world and Indian companies are no exception. In this paper, first the growth and spread of TQM in India is traced from its initiation to current status. Further, the paper has tried o identify the causes for poor quality of products and service, and the gaps that exist between the expectations and the outcome after adopting the TQM practices. Later a critical view of the quality scene in India is presented, and finally, based on these observations suitable guidelines and recommendations are made to bridge this gap. It is concluded that there is still a long way to go for Indian companies to receive the stamp of acceptance for their products at international level. Electronic access The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at https://www. emerald-library. com TQM  ± the strategic choice Total quality management (TQM) has become a part of the corporate management The author expresses his sincere thanks to Professor Mark Gershon, Department of Management Science Operations Management, School of Business Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6083, for reviewing the first draft of this paper and offering suggestions and comments, which helped the author to improve the quality of the paper and bring it to its current form. The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . pp. 321 ±327 # MCB University Press . ISSN 0954-478X 321 Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321 ±327 parlance on a global scale. While it was earlier regarded as buzz word, hype and fad, it is now considered a must for survival and success. The ever-increasing number of publications is good evidence of the growing interest about TQM. Ahire et al. (1995) have carried out a literature review on TQM, based on a total of 226 articles published in 44 referenced management journals, spanning a period from 1970 to 1993. Many success stories are already well documented in papers, for example by Longenecker and Scazzera (1993), and recently by Sterman et al. 1997) Inspired by these success stories, companies in India too have embarked on TQM programmes in a big way. Particularly, the ISO 9000 certification, that is currently a corporate priority for a good number of companies, has given a new thrust and foundation for effectively launching TQM. But more compelling reasons to adopt TQM are: pressure set in due to decreased profits, ina bility to penetrate into new markets, intensifying competition, and above all quality conscious customers demanding better and improved products and services from the companies. Status of quality  ± earlier scene India has a long tradition of achieving high standards in several fields. Architectural wonders like the Taj Mahal and the Konark temple are testimony to the rich cultural heritage that imbibed quality in its output. Similarly many other products like jewelry, textiles, artistic and ornamental articles exhibited high quality and as a result were the highly traded merchandise with other countries of the world. For several centuries Indian trade flourished on these products. Engineering industries that were set up and run under the colonial rule quickly established a name for quality. As reported by Piramal (1997) business families like Tata, Birla, Godrej, and Sarabhai, to name a few, started and operated several industries which have now become conglomerates and household names in India. In fact some of these names are synonymous with high quality products and trust worthiness. However, the post-independent era did not witness any spectacular improvement regarding the quality of goods and services produced in the country. According to Agrawal (1993) due to protected business environment many positive attributes of the Indian industry have been lost and weaknesses have surfaced. These weaknesses based on the study are: lack of trust and credibility in the working system, lack of clarity/seriousness for achieving target, lack of precise observance of rules and norms, low quality of supplies and components, lack of consciousness of time as money, viewing only short term benefits ahead of long term goals, politicalization of labor unions, lack of accountability for actions, lack of management commitment, lack of national quality policy, inadequate economic resources, lack of indigenous technology, inadequate infrastructure, preferring quantity to quality, lack of team spirit, cartel formation, and sellers market. Besides, lack of consumerism, Government control on everything, bureaucratic delays, quick profit making attitudes by the companies, all resulted in quality getting a low priority and consequently Indian products were constrained to serve only the domestic market being not able to compete in the international markets. Further, the factors mentioned before, clearly proved to be obstacles in the path to progress, and India in spite of possessing good resources and rich scientific and technical manpower, could not produce world-class products acceptable in the international markets. The TQM movement in India The TQM initiatives were first set by the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) in the early 1980s, in its pioneering effort in promoting awareness about quality among Indian industries. The work done by CII in this direction is well documented in Deccan Herald Advertising Feature (1993) and also in The Standards Engineer (1996). In 1982, quality circles took birth in India, and some of the companies to launch quality circles first were Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore, and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Trichy. In 1986 the CII then known as CEI (Confederation of Engineering Industries), invited Professor Ishikawa to India, to address industry people about quality. Later in 1987, a TQM division was set up by the CII. This division owes its foundation to 21 companies who agreed to support the cause by pooling resources and pledging to start the journey to TQM. Chief executives of these companies formed the National Committee on Quality, 322 Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 21 ±327 and quality month was declared to be an annual event. CII also launched the first newsletter on quality. In 1987 and 1988, the CII invited the Juran Institute to India to conduct three training workshops, and then in 1989 a team from India attended the Deming Seminar in London. Study teams organized by the CII were taken to Japan and the USA to study quality practices. During 1990, the CII consolidated and focused on trainin g, and in February 1991, an Indian company with the assistance of the CII, obtained the first ISO 9000 certification in India. The CII organized the launch of the National Quality Campaign led by the Prime Minister of India in May 1992. It is around this time, the process of globalization and liberalization was started in the country, bringing a new dimension to the business and industrial sectors. From then on, a new line of thinking in terms of quality, productivity, and competitiveness has begun. Since 1993, the CII has been organizing The Quality Summit every year. This provides an opportunity for all business leaders, and higher level managers of member and non-member organizations of the CII to network, learn, and contribute through experience sharing, and listening to the experts who gather there. The National Productivity Council (NPC) has set up a TQM and Benchmarking Division in New Delhi, and offers TQM implementation services, which include modular training programs and consultancy services. In 1996, the Government of India announced the setting up of the Quality Council of India, (QCI) with the Industry Ministry bringing in half the seed capital of Rs. . 5 crores. The rest of the seed capital will be contributed by the corporate sector. The setting up of a national agency for quality certification is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, under which member countries will not trade in non-certified products two years down the line. The corporate sector too was demanding the setting up of an internationally recognized qu ality council as it found the certification process from foreign agencies too expensive. Besides, it would save vital foreign exchange for the country. The QCI will be entrusted with monitoring and administering of the National Quality Campaign and will also oversee the effective functioning of the National Information and Enquiry Services. Post-liberalization scene  ± improvement in quality The economic reforms that started in 1992 have ushered in a new era of progress and prosperity in the country. According to a report published in Yojana (1997), the real gross domestic product (GDP) recorded a growth rate of 6. 8 per cent in agriculture and allied sectors, 7. 0 per cent in industry, and 7. per cent in services. The Eighth Five Year Plan (EFYP) (1992-97) which ended with an average growth rate of 6. 5 per cent per annum, compares well with the target rate of 5. 6 per cent for the EFYP, and actual achievement of 6. 00 per cent in the Seventh Five Year Plan. In fact this is the highest average growth rate achieved in the planning period since 1951. The sectoral average growth rates for the period 1992-97 are: Agriculture and alli ed sectors  ± 4. 0 per cent, Industry  ± 7. 8 per cent and, Services  ± 9. 2 per cent. Further, exports during 1996-97 registered a growth rate of 4. 1 per cent. Foreign direct investment amounted to US $2,696 million during 1996-97. These facts clearly indicate that the economic reforms brought through globalization and liberalization have yielded rich dividends, and hold a lot of promise for the coming years. While all these developments are seen at the gross level, companies in India have been trying individually to improve their product quality, besides overall performance through TQM practices. For example, Gupta and Sagar (1993) describe a case of total quality control in an engineering company through the extensive use of personal computers, and state that the Indian company was able to overcome many quality related problems which included: high rejection levels, slow inspection rates, frequent errors in measurement, inconsistency in interpreting inspection data, time consuming data storage and retrieval, rigid inspection schedules, not responding to changing environment, and quality plans not adjusted to varying batch sizes. The company improved the problem solving capacity through quality circles, and quality database at each stage. Comprehensive information systems enabled the personnel to obtain better guidance leading to improved decision making. Thus the success is attributed to systematic application of TQM. 323 Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321 ±327 . Business Today (1995) in an exclusive coverage on status of quality of India, presents a detailed report on companies which are market leaders and corporate giants. The cases covered include reports on leading Indian companies like Mukand, BPL, Arvind, IFB, ABB, HDFC, Amex, Hidustan Lever, Ranbaxy, Indal, Gujarat Ambuja, Vysya Bank, Oberoi Hotels, and Thermax. It is emphasized that these companies carved a niche for themselves by focusing on quality in their planning, operations, and marketing strategies. Awareness of quality  ± a positive change Pati and Reis (1996) state that India is emerging as a leading economy in the new world economic order. The phenomenal increase in Indias export earnings, which rose to US$ 26. billion in the 1994-95 fiscal year showed an increase of 18. 27 per cent over its 1993-94 export earnings of US$22. 17 billion. This is said to be an indicator of how its products and services are perceived by its global customers. It is further stated that the thrust has been shifted from import substitution to development of an export-oriented economy. Other pertinent observations made are: . Indian businesses are pursuing pa ths of superior quality and high productivity; . quality conscious consumerism; . increasing competition; . industries expanding their domestic share and venturing into global markets; . ignificant rise in the ISO 9000 certified companies. The survey conducted by Pati and Reis (1996) has further revealed many interesting aspects about quality practices in India. The survey questionnaire has used a five-point Likert interval to capture the strength of perception, where points 1 (very high), 2 (high), 3 (medium), 4 (low), and 5 (very low) indicate the degree of current practice related to quality. The critical success factors contributing to quality and overall average scores based on the survey are given below. . role of top management and quality policy (3. 3); . role of quality department/personnel (3. 14); . training (3. 69); . product/service design (2. 91); . supplier quality management (2. 86); . . process management and operating procedures (2. 74); quality data reporting (2. 72); employee relations (2. 92). It is concluded from the survey that the manufacturing sector in India is well aware of importance of quality, and efforts have been channeled to improve product quality. However, the service sector mostly Government owned and operated, lags behind the manufacturing sector in all aspects that imply quality. TQM  ± success stories of Indian companies Many Indian companies are beginning to realize that customer focus is an absolute requirement of TQM. Jain (1996), while writing on TQM in India, states that companies are paying closer attention to consumer feedback in order to tailor products to meet customer needs and are using a wide variety of methods that include benchmarking with rival products, regular customer meetings, and even engaging market research companies to collect consumer feedback on their product range and after sales service. Two specific cases are worth mentioning. Escorts Limited, an automobile manufacturing company, based on the feedback from customers and dealers, changed the delivery route to ensure safe and quick delivery. Similarly, J. K. Synthetics, based on feed back from customer meetings, focused on standardization of quality parameters, and started after-sales service. This resulted in the sales rise from 220 tonnes in first quarter of 1995 to 632 tonnes in the last quarter of the same year, an impressive growth in the sales by three times the previous value. According to a report published in Business Today (1998), some Indian companies are being guided by Yoshikazu Tsuda, a counselor at JUSE (Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers) in their quest for total quality. Some of these companies are Sona Steering, Jai Bharat Maruti, GKN Invel, Asahi Float Glass, Brakes India, Lucas TVS, India Pistons, and India Piston Rings. Further, as stated in The Economic Times (1998), sixsigma technique, which is considered to be a classic TQM technique, is being practiced by several Indian companies notable among 324 Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321 ±327 . . them being Wipro, a well recognized name in the field of information technology. A significant achievement by an Indian company due to its practicing TQM principles is reported by Sridharan (1998a). The Indian company Sundaram Fasteners located near Chennai, India, has received the Best of Best Vendors Award consecutively for two years during 1996 and 1997, for its supply of metal radiator caps to General Motors, USA. The award was given to the company for its consistent zero defects rate, 100 percent reliability in delivery schedules, and lowest price. The company is the only supplier to General Motors, USA from India out of its 3,000 supplier companies scattered all over the globe. In an exclusive interview covered by Premchander (1996), the managing director of Asea Brown Boveri Ltd (a partly owned subsidiary of Asea Brown Boveri Limited, Zurich) one of the very successfully operating multi-national companies in India, has stated that the managers have to spend time and resources on TQM. A historical achievement by an Indian company winning the coveted Deming Prize for Overseas Companies, for successful implementation of TQM, is reported by Sridharan (1998b). The Indian company Sundaram Clayton, has successfully turned its people into quality practitioners by the actual deployment of TQM tools, techniques, and systems. 38  ± time to market; 22  ± corporate credibility. Indian quality scene  ± a critical view The developments related to Indian companies, concerning quality of products and services, need to be examined on a comparative global scale. This would enable judgement of the progress made in improving quality. A survey made in 1994 in which products and services from 41 countries were ranked by World Competitiveness Report indicates that the quality of Indian products and services is disappointing. According to the summary of results given in Skaria (1995), Indias rank based on different quality parameters is as follows (the rank out of 41 is given followed by the parameter): . 39  ± price to quality; . 38  ± practice of TQM; . 40  ± customer orientation; . 28  ± product liability; . 39  ± time to innovate; The report clearly suggested that on a global scale, Indian products and services are far from satisfactory, and have a poor image. This is a major cause of worry for the corporate managers particularly for those looking for new markets, and ventures with foreign collaborators. One commonly quoted reason for getting away with low quality in India, is lack of pressure from consumers. Many managers are of the opinion that unless the customers are aware of their right to demand high quality, and insist on companies to invest in quality, they continue to receive poor quality products. While the growth and spread of quality practices are slow in India, TQM has firmly seated itself in other Asiatic countries. In a cover feature on Quality in Asia reported in World Executive Digest (1996), it is stated that as Asia grapples with the challenge of globalization, more and more companies seek ISO 9000 certification and adopt TQM. Companies in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and China are overtly involved in embracing practices of total quality to march ahead in global markets. According to The Economic Intelligence Unit (1996), which surveyed companies in Hong Kong on quality practices, many TQM issues identified in other parts of the world are also issues in the region. The growth of TQM across Asia however means that new approaches are being developed in the region. These observations clearly suggest that India has to carefully watch the developments in the Asiatic region, as TQM principles have been successfully applied by several countries improving their output quality, attracting more foreign investment, and hence capable of restricting Indias share in the global market. What the quality experts say In spite of the hype created by the ISO 9000 bandwagon, which today has more than 1,500 companies certified as such, quality is yet to emerge as a major strength of Indian products. Managers of Indian companies have still a lot to learn and implement in the image building process based on quality. This is perhaps aptly summarized by a statement made by Philip Crosby as reported in The Times of India (1997). While addressing a 325 Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321 ±327 news conference at the end of his weeklong visit to India, Crosby has said that complacency is a major problem with the Indian management system. The managers of Indian industries should take this seriously. In an interview published in Business India (1997-98) James Harrington, a leading authority in the field of quality, has stated that India still has four types of companies: those with poor performance, with good performance, with better performance, and with outstanding performance. Harrington remarks that companies with poor performance went bankrupt in other parts of the world, while those with good performance would follow them. But those with better performance will survive and those with outstanding performance would explode into the twentyfirst century. This indicates that India still has scope for bad products, and bad performance, which need to be immediately curbed. It is pointed out by Sukumar (1998) that TQM continues to baffle corporate India, as evident by the different interpretations made by each person in the industry about what is TQM. It was observed during the Sixth Quality Summit organized by the CII in New Delhi, that TQM means anything and everything depending on the individuals perspective, politics, and paradigms. During the summit as many as nine different definitions were presented by the speakers about what constitutes TQM. This means people in the corporate sector have no consensus about the concept of TQM and it could be a deterrent in its implementation. In another survey conducted by Arun et al. (1998) with regard to ISO certified companies interesting observations were made about implementing TQM in a company. Out of 17 companies that were surveyed, managers in seven companies said that though they believe in TQM they do not know how to implement it. The survey further revealed that the long term supplier relationship, an essential ingredient for successful implementation of TQM, has not yet been recognized as important for achieving total quality. Other barriers impeding the implementation of TQM were found to be: continued dependence on traditional incentive schemes, numerical targets, performance rating, slogans for improving productivity, and not identifying and providing the right type of training for each and everyone as demanded for every job. The survey concludes that if all these factors are not mitigated a company may continue as ISO certified but not be recognized as a TQM company. Comments and conclusion The various surveys independently conducted by researchers and business publications have revealed that awareness on quality of products and services has picked up in India. With quality based competition intensifying, Indian industries and business people are showing keen interest in improving the quality of products through TQM. A number of organizations, private and Government are actively propagating TQM through a variety of training and educational programs. TQM has proved to be a vital ingredient for success, and now has its permanent roots in the mission and vision of the Indian corporate sector. However, based on common observations the requirements for quality to succeed in India can be summarized as follows: . a strong consumer movement; . sincere and committed drive by the corporate sector to keep quality as the main focus; . strict enforcement of standards by the regulatory bodies and authorities; . avoidance of multiple grading of quality in products, like export quality, first grade, seconds, import rejects, etc. ; . setting an example in adhering to high quality performance and output, before pointing to others. While TQM no doubt has enab led the Indian companies to improve the quality of products and services, the international market demands still higher quality levels to give due recognition and acceptance. This means continuing the work with more focused efforts by Indian companies in their quest for quality. This paper is expected to motivate in that direction. References Agrawal, S. K. (1993), ISO 9000 implementation in Indian industry, Proceedings of the Eighth ISME Conference in Mechanical Engineering, New Delhi, India, March, pp. 638-44. Ahire, S. L. , Landeros, L. and Golhar, D. Y. (1995), Total quality management: a literature review and an agenda for future research, Journal of Production and Operations Management, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 277306. 326 Total quality management in India  ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321 ±327 Arun, N. S. , Prabhu, S. R. , Aruna Kumar and Lokesh Sharma (1998), Identification of barriers to achieve TQM after getting ISO 9000 certification and development of a causal model for TQM, unpublished dissertation, Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, SJ College of Engineering, Mysore, India. Business India (1998), Change is painful but vital, 29 December 1997-11 January, p. 152. Business Today (1995), State of quality, January 7-21, pp. 146-241. Business Today (1998), The quest for quality, 22 June 1998, p. 98. Deccan Herald Advertising Feature (1993), Total quality management  ± the Indian scene, Monday, 1 November, 1993, p. 8. Gupta, V. K. and Sagar, R. (1993), Total quality control using PCs in an engineering company, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 161-73. Jain, S. (1996), TQM  ± the leading edge, India Today, 31 March pp. 90-1. Longnecker, C. O. and Scazerra, J. A. (1993), Total quality management from theory to practice: a case study, International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, Vol. 0 No. 5, pp. 24-31. Pati, N. and Reis, D. A. (1996), Proliferation of TQM in India  ± a survey, Proceedings of the Global Conference on Small Medium Industry and Business, Bangalore, India, January 1996, pp. 209-14. Piramal, G. (1997), Legends of the Maharajas, Business Today, 22 August-6 September, pp. 10-15. Premchander (1996), Succeeding in business, Management Review, Vol. 8 No. 2, p p. 109-21. Skaria, G. (1995), The total quality imperative, Business Today, 7-21 January, pp. 19-27. Sridharan, R. 1998a), Total quality limited, Business Today, 2 November, pp. 69-79. Sridharan, R. (1998b), The drive to Detroit, Business Today, 7 August, pp. 84-9. Sterman, J. D. , Repenning, N. P. and Kofman, F. (1997), Unanticipated side effects of successful quality programs: exploring a paradox of organizational improvement, Management Science, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 503-21. Sukumar, R. (1998), Total quality confusion, Business Today, 7 December, p. 27. The Economic Intelligence Unit (1996), How Asia practices TQM, World Executive Digest, November, p. 4. The Economic Times (1998), From six-sigma to strategy, 23 March, p. 3. The Standards Engineer (1996), News and views, Vol. 31 Nos. 1 and 2, April-September, pp. 20-6. The Times of India (1997), Complacency, a major problem with Indian management: Crosby, Monday, 10 November p. 12. World Executive Digest (1996), Quality In Asia: the state of the quality art, October pp. 25-36. Yojana, (1997), Current state of the Indian economy, December, pp. 24-7. Commentary A fascinating discussion on one of the worlds emerging powerhouse economies. 327

Iraq Backlash Free Essays

The main argument in this article is that the continued involvement of the United States in the war in Iraq will lead to unforeseen and even disastrous consequences such as a civil war or even global war given the fact that the United States is ill equipped at dealing with the insurgents and in properly identifying its role in the conflict and the impact of its continued involvement in the war. The writer presents his views by first defining what backlash is and proceeding to show the escalating death toll and skirmishes that have happened in Iraq since the United States has gotten involved. The writer then paints a grim picture of future that lies ahead if the United States continues its policies and involvement in the conflicts in the Middle East and the war in Iraq. We will write a custom essay sample on Iraq Backlash or any similar topic only for you Order Now The view presented by the writer is correct to the extent that the continued involvement of the United States could indeed make them the victim of unforeseen and disastrous consequences such a rising casualties of the armed forces currently stationed there and of the civilians. The continued involvement in Iraq could also be detrimental to the United States economy as any conflict in the Middle East causes the price of oil to rise and directly affects the economic output of any country. A prolonged war, as in this case, caused by continued United States involvement will definitely affect its economy in the long run. The writer however is too quick to point out that global war will be the direct effect of such actions. There is no substantial evidence to show that this will indeed result to a world war III or a world war IV. The other world leaders have been quick to show that the United States is acting on its own accord and have refused to lend any aid in the war in Iraq. How to cite Iraq Backlash, Papers

Edouard Manet Example For Students

Edouard Manet Biography Outline1 Biography2 Key Ideas in painting3 Famous paintings made by Edouard Manet3.1 Breakfast on the Grass3.2 Olympia3.3 A Bar at the Folies-Bergere3.4 Portrait of Suzanne Manet3.5 Bouquet of flowers Biography Édouard Manet (1832-1883), French painter and graphic artist, with his art anticipated the emergence of impressionism and became one of its founders. Practically during all his biography, Manets creativity is faced with opposition and difficulties. His father was the head of the department of the Ministry of Justice and was preparing his son for a career as a lawyer. He was an ardent opponent of art education for his son. And the young artist has to constantly struggle with the demands of an influential father, which forces him to leave the house. Innovative artwork of Edouard Manet was subjected to violent attacks of criticism, who considered the artist a rebel in art. Using and rethinking the subjects and motifs of the famous paintings of the old masters, Manet sought to fill them with a sharp modern sound, polemically introducing into the famous classical compositions of modern man (Breakfast on the Grass, 1863). Under the influence of parents, the young Manet attempts to enter one of the Maritime schools. Examination Manet does not stand. After that, he goes on a journey to the shores of South America. The journey takes place on the ship Le Havre and Guadeloupe, where the young Manet was boating and served as a cabin boy. Key Ideas in painting During this long journey, the young man made a lot of drawings. Basically, these are portraits and sketches of the crew members of the ship. After returning from the trip, he again tries to enter the Naval School, where he again fails. After a second failure, with the consent of the parents, Manet begins painting. The training, which lasted more than six years, takes place in the workshop of Tom Couture, a fairly well-known academic artist. While studying, he undertakes trips to Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic, where he gets acquainted with the largest museums and monuments of European art. The training lasted until 1856. Since the end of the period of study and until 1870, Manet continues his work as an artist. The main device, in his work, is figurative compositions and portraits. During the German siege of Paris, in 1870, the artist becomes an artilleryman and is among the defenders of the city. He tries to capture the city during his blockade and hunger. In the same years, there is an acquaintance, and the artists communication with the famous impressionists of the time, such as Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, and others. In the 1880s, while already seriously ill, Manet wrote a still life that was unusual for his portraitist style. Famous paintings made by Edouard Manet The work of this artist was not particularly recognized until the 1890s when his painting was imposed on the Louvre Museum, his friends. After that, paintings by Manet began to acquire and other museums and private collectors. Since 1881 he is sick with ataxia a violation of coordination of movements. Further life of the artist is associated with the constant development of the disease. April 19, 1883, he was amputated to his left leg, and 11 days later he died in terrible agony. Edouard Manet was the idol of those who believed that painting in France ceased to develop and needs to be updated. He did not intend to rebel and wanted his paintings to be appreciated. On May 15, 1863, the famous Salon of Outcasts opened, where artists who were denied the right to participate in the official exhibition could show their paintings. Since the number of candidates rejected by the official jury was great, Emperor Napoleon III, wishing to gain a reputation as a defender of freedoms, suggested organizing a separate exposition for them. Breakfast on the Grass It was Manet who exhibited his Breakfast on the Grass (1863) in the Salon of the Outcasts, which the critics and the public deemed absolutely inedible. Especially they were sarcastic about the fact that the gentlemen on Manets canvas, hung out in the exhibition of the so-called painting , are given in full parade, and the ladies for some reason - nude.  «In this canvas, they saw the artists challenge to common sense. Giotto di BondoneA Bar at the Folies-Bergere Folies-Berjar was one of the most famous institutions in Paris, not only because of its variety and cabaret but also because it was not rare to gather artistic bohemians. The shine of nightlife, and loneliness together with estrangement against the background of fuss and festivities these are the main leitmotifs of the last picture of Eduard Manet. As a model, Manet asked to pose for the familiar barmaid Syuzon and his friend Henri Dupre in a bar at follies. And the sketch the artist did right in the bar, to the right of the scene. Critics have raised many questions with the definition of the genre of this outstanding work of Manet. If you look closely, you can find features and genre scenes, and portrait, and still life a complete eclectic. In addition, the work is distinguished by the elegance of performance and subtle sadness. Behind the marble counter is a young barmaid, the mirror behind her back reflects a large number of visitors in the hall. It is her self-portrait. It seems, it is worth to listen, and you can clearly feel the roar and laughter of the walking crowd, interspersed with the cries of especially noisy guests. Opposite the girl is a young gentleman in a cylinder, but she does not look at the visitor her gaze is directed inward. The figure of a thoughtful girl is as if sandwiched between two spaces separated from each other by a stance: a real world and a surreal world. Hardly had they come to the Salon of 1882, the painting attracted everyones attention it was scrutinized, discussed, expressed opinions in interpretation, but unanimously recognized that the world was a real masterpiece, which should be reckoned with. Edward Manet is a painter from the capital of France, who created in the XIX century and became in those years the acknowledged founder of the new trend in art impressionism. In the period of mature creativity in 1870, the artist paints a portrait of his wife Suzanne. In general, for her whole life, she was given several canvases. But this portrait stands out with a special skill of brush, close-up and innovation of style. Portrait of Suzanne Manet â€Å"The portrait of Suzanne is executed surprisingly thinly. All attention and all light are given to the person of the heroine. The background is devoid of objectivity; it is a dark grayish background. The outlines of the upper torso of the model are written in the spirit of pencil sketches; they are also gray and plain. Only the white collar gently frames the face of his wife. Her look is calm, thoughtful, and in the eyes themselves the seal of the mysterious womans living soul. The name Monet is well-known within the art community and even in many households where art is not necessarily their main focus. He was a French painter born in Paris in 1840. He painted a variety of different subject, but one of the most dominant was flowers. In most cases, the flowers he painted were set in vases much like those you would order from your local florist, and they are all extremely pleasing to the eye. Bouquet of flowers Throughout his years as an artist, Monet produced several floral paintings. At the time it was quite a popular subject for artists to focus on. Today we still enjoy decorating our homes with floral pieces of art like pictures, photographs, and paintings. One of the most famous works by Monet is â€Å"Bouquet of flowers.† Not only do these paintings focus on the flowers but also the stunning vases in which they are arranged and the finely polished wood tables on which they have been placed.